Statistical devices and methods of providing same



Feb. 16, 1960 R. BACHl 2,924,895

STATISTICAL DEVICES AND METHODS OF PROVIDING SAME Filed April 1, 1957 ll Sheets-Sheet 1 FIG. I.

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STATISTICAL DEVICES AND METHODS OF PROVIDING SAME Filed April 1., 1957 FIGS.

11 Shets-Sheec 2 ROBERTO BACHI @fj/W ATTORN EY Feb. 16, 1960 R. BACHI 2,924,895

STATISTICAL DEVICES AND METHODS OF PROVIDING SAME Filed April 1, 1957 ll Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR.

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STATISTICAL DEVICES AND METHODS OF PROVIDING SAME Filed April 1, 1957 4 ll Sheets-Sheet 6 FlG.l8

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ROBERTO BACHI ATTORNEY R. BACHI Feb. 16, 1960 STATISTICAL DEVICES AND METHODS OF PROVIDING SAME ll Sheets-Sheet '7 Filed April 1, 1957 N INVENTOR.

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STATISTICAL DEVICES AND METHODS OF PROVIDING SAME l1 Sheets-Sheet 8 Feb. 16, 1960 Filed April 1, 1957 Feb. 16, 1960 cH 2,924,895

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PRCN 7/105 0/ (IRE/4N POPULATION INVENTOR. ROBERTO BACHI ATTORNEY j 2,924,895 STATISTICAL DEVICES AND METHODS OF PROVID-ING SAME Filed April 1. 1957 R. BACH] Feb. 16, 1960 11 Sheds-Sheet 10 YCOLORADO INVENTOR. FIG 22 ROBERTO BACHI ATTORNEY R. BACHl Feb. 16, 1960 STATISTICAL DEVICES AND METHODS OF PROVIDING SAME Filed April l, 1957 11 Sheets-Sheet 1 1 FIG. 26

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filmy/W method of this invention.

United States Patent I This invention relates to statistical devices and it is rmore particularly concerned with'the graphical presentation of statistical information, 7 "maps, grids, bar and -pie diagrams, and also to methods such as in the forms of of preparing such maps, grids and diagrams and to de' vices for use in such preparation.

One of the objectsof this invention is the provision of a method of preparing statistical maps and diagrams which is'simple'and rapid in comparison to the prior art methods.

"Another object of this invention is the provision of combinations of devices inkit form that can be used to provide such maps and diagrams in accordance with the A further object of this invention is the provision of a kit of the type mentioned in which its included'elements are completely comprehensive for the production of any given type of statistical map or diagram.

A still further object of theinvention is the provision of such means and method which is simple and economical to use, and which does not require theservices of highly skilled'persons in theactual fabrication of the maps and diagrams and which can, in fact, be accom- ,-plished by relatively unskilled persons.

These and other objects, advantages and features of the inventionwill appear more fully hereinafter in'conjunction with the accompanying drawing wherein various representativeembodiments of .the inventionare shown. In the drawing:

Fig. 1 is a front face view of a blanksheet containing a delineated area for use in accordance with one em- :bodiment of the inventionin making the so-called pie diagrams.

Fig. 2, is a completed pie diagram made in accordance with this invention.

Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6 are top face views of contrasting disc members used in the preparation of the pie diagrams. Fig. 7 is a bottomview of one of the-disc members. Fig. 8 is :a front face view of a blank sheet containing delineated areas in accordance witha second embodiment -of thisinvention ofthe so-called bar graph type.

" Fig. 9 is a completed bar graph constructed'in accordance with this invention.

Figs. 10, 11,12 and 13 are top face views of rectangular strips used in the preparation of the bar diagrams.

I Fig. 14 is a bottom view of one of the strips.

i Fig. '15 is a front face view of 'a blank sheet contain-' ing delineated areas in accordance with a third embodiment of this invention for 'fabricating'grid charts.

Fig. 16 is the same'as Fig. with the application of code numbers to the delineated areas.

Fig. 17 is the same as Fig. 15 with the application thereto of design squares according to the respective v code numbers of Fig. 16.

Fig. 'l8'is a front face view of a device for holding in classifiedrelation design squares used in makingthe "ice,

lineating a typical geographical area in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the invention for making the so-called geographical statistical charts.

Fig. 20 is the same as Fig. 19 with the application of code numbers to sectional areas.

, Fig. 21 is the same as Figs. 19 and 20 with the application thereto of design members according to the respective code numbers of Fig. 20.

Fig. 22 is a perspective view of a kit book containing a'classified set of gummed labels for use in making the geographical statistical chart of Fig. 21.

Fig. 23 is a section along the line 23-23 of Fig. 18 on an enlarged scale.

Fig. 24 is a section along the line 24-24 of Fig. 18 on an enlarged scale.

Fig. 25 is a top plan view of a moidfication of the first embodiment of Figs. 1 to 7.

Fig. 26 is a cross sectional view along the line 26-26 of Fig. 25.

Fig. 27 is a top plan view of a modification of the second embodiment of Figs. 8 to 14.

Fig. 28 is a cross sectional view along the line 28- 28 of Fig. 27.

Referring with more particularity to the drawing, the embodiment of Figs. 1 to 7, relates to the fabrication of pie diagrams in which statistical information is represented by sectors of a circle or pie. In accordance with this embodiment, there is provided a stock of blanks in the form of sheets of paper 31 each having one or more circles 32 thereon of a standard size. In conjunction with these sheets, there is also provided a plurality of circular discs of paper, of the same size as the circles 32 such as the discs 33, 34, 35 and 36, each having a gummed surface 37 on the back and a color, design, shading or other indicia on the front contrasting to those of the others.

The back or undersurface of each label is also provided with a series of radial lines 38 which are spaced circumferentially to subdivide the space into desired units, such as tenths, hundredths, degrees, radians, or any other units desired. Each line is provided with a numeral or other designation 39 to indicate its position in the desired terms of reference relative to a point of origin 40.

To fabricate the pie diagram, the statistical information is translated into units of the terms of reference used and a sector is cut out of each disc for each separate statistic to be represented on the pie diagram, using the radial lines 38 as guides in making the cuts. The line 41 the back to complete the process resulting in a pie diagram as shown in Fig. 2.

A modification of this embodiment as illustrated in Figs. 25 and 26 comprises omitting the sheets 31 and forming the pie diagram directly by interlocking in overlapped and concentric relation a group of the discs 33, 34, 35 and 36 by means of the cut lines 41. The amount of overlap can be readily changed by simply rotating the discs relative to each other about their centers. The thus adjusted pie diagram may be photographed or otherwise reproduced, or it may be used per se as a demonstration or teaching device.

The embodiment illustrated in Figs. 8 to 14 is similar to that of Figs. 1 to 7, except that the blank sheets 42 are each delineated with a plurality of parallel bars 43 of equal size and shape. Instead of discs, strips 44 are provided in the form of elongated rectangles or bars, each of the same size and shape, but having'a distinctive onstration or teaching device.

color, design, shading or other indicia. The strips 44 are gummedon the back, like a postage'stamp, and each of them carries transverse lines 45 on the back which .subdivides it longitudinally into units of any desired "scale, "such as tenths, hundreds, etc., these lines being marked with scale numbers 46.

Figs. 27 and 28 comprises'placinga group of'thestrips, .in overlapped relation and adjusting the degreesofoverlap in accordance with the statistic to be represented. The resulting composite may be photographed or-otherwise reproduced orit may be used directly as a dembeheld in their overlapped positions by means of a transparent trough or sheath 46A.

The third embodiment of Figs. 15 to 18 is for preparinggrid charts. In this case, the sheet blank 47 is provided with crossed lines 48 forming squares49 of a grid, all the squares being of uniform size. The gummed pieces 50 are also of the same uniform size. In this embodiment it is preferred that the-distinctive indicia on the face of these pieces bear a relation to to each other in accordance with some system of -values to indicate graphically degrees of difference of the statistical information being represented thereby. One such system involves the'useof different degrees or-tones of'shading; another, .a system of dots'or otherelements variously spaced to give a heavier or lighter appearance in accordance with a predetermined'reference; still ---another method involves the use of a -set of patterns of black and white of variable degrees of black to White. A particularly effectivev scheme under. the two lattersystems, involves'the use of a series 'of'such patterns to represent intervals or ranges of statistical values, "such as percentages, the pattern being identified witha "code number or by any other desired means for'use in preparing the final charts. 'Theseintervals or'ranges-are so selected that when used'to represent statistics within'the range, the deviation betweenthe' representedstatistic and the proportion of one color to the other or the density of dots is within a desired or acceptable'tolerance. grid chart fabricated with such a system of representation gives the observer a comprehensive view of the in-,

formation represented thereby, not otherwise obtainable, as will be seen in Fig. 17. This system of representation may be used in any of the embodiments of this invention.

The precut gummedpieces 50, are preferably"stored 'in transparent envelopes 54 of a kit, each envelopecontaining labels of a single design and bearing a code number or designation 55. These envelopes may convenient- "ly be held in pocke'ts'56 on laminated paperboard sheets 57 provided-with marginal holes 58 enabling 'it'tobe readily bound in the form of abooklet with other similar sheets. The pockets are each formed by a strip 59 of transparent sheet material, such as cellophane, passing through a slot 60 of the laminated sheet 57, the ends of -the strip being disposed upwardly on both thejfro nt and back of the book andhaving tab extensions ,61 securedby any suitable means, to the sheet 57, such as Ibybing disposed within and 'gluedto interior laminaapplication of the corresponding gummed pieces 50 to The group of strips may these squares to complete the diagram as shown in Fig. 17.

An extension of this principle is illustrated in the fourth embodiment of Figs. .19 to 24 wherein geographical areas are involved and in which the subdivisions, such as of States, counties,.precincts, wards, etc., are usually of irregular shape. Taking the territory of the United Statesas an example, the48 Statesthereof are of different :sizes and shapes. Thus a sheet '62 is provided having an outline of the United States and of the 48 States. For each State, there is provided a series of gummed labels 63 of a size and shape to fit its area on the map. Thus each State has its own set of precut or preformed labels. These labels are classified, arranged and stored in any convenient manner for easy access and ready use. A suitable device for this .purpose comprises a booklet 64 having a plurality of laminatedpaperboardsheets-65,- one sheetfor each of the geographical subdivisionsdelineated on the blank map. "Pockets 56, similar'to'those shown in Fig."1'8 and made in'thesar'ne wayfby-trans'parentstrips of sheet .material '59,"are provided in each -sheet '65 to 'caIryLthe gummed labels 63.

'In using this system, the-statistician hasonly to write in the'suhdivided'areas of-the blankmap the-code numbers 66 "corresponding "to the information desired to be represented thereon (see Fig.20) and then enlist the services'o'f' a relatively unskilled person to applythe'corresponding labels to theseareas to form the :complete map shown inFig.21. p

One means o-futilizing this invention is 'by' providing a seriesof rolls of adhesive tape containing'eachdistinctive patterns, shadings colors, designs or other distinguishing indica,'sections of which can be used contiguously in "the fabrication of charts that-present .the statistical data in linealgform, suchas data in connection with traffic movements.

Having thus ,"described myinvention, I claim:

1. A kit for use in preparing a "statistical graph com- I prising blank sheets containing delineated areas for the application vof statistical information, preformed members conforming in usize and shape "to 'said'areas, said members having indicia on one of their faces 'each'distinctfromthe others, and having on the opposite faces a graduated scalesubdividing the area of the members into sections according to a scale ,of statisticalinformation.

2. A kit as defined .byclaim l'in whichthe'mernbers are in the shape of circles subdivided circumferentially bya series of radial lines. I

3. A kit as defined by claim 1 in which the members are in theshape of rectangles and the subdivisions are longitudinal ofthe rectangles.

References Cited in the'fileof this patent UNITED. STATES PA'I ENTS OTHER REFERENCES 1 Journal of the American Statistical Society. December 1938, vol.. 3.3, page 71-3 (.A Mechanical IntensityShadmg M p, y R.- sn Kuh 

